Motif is a word used by folklorists who analyze, interpret, and describe the traditional elements found in the lore of particular folk groups and compare the folklore of various regions and cultures of the world based on these motif patterns. Ultimately, folklorists identify motifs in folklore to interpret where, how, and why these motifs are used, so they can understand the values, customs, and ways of life of unique cultures.
In cultural anthropology and folkloristics, the meaning of motif encompasses the meanings of motif used in the areas of music, literary criticism, visual arts, and textile arts because folklorists study motifs (i.e., recurring elements) in each of these areas, motifs that create recognizable patterns in folklore and folk-art traditions.
Video Motif (folkloristics)
Thompson's Motif-Index
Folklorists also use motif to refer to the recognizable and consistently repeated story elements (e.g., common characters, objects, actions, and events) that are used in the traditional plot structures, or tale types, of many stories and folktales. These motifs, which Dr. Margaret Read Macdonald calls "each small part of a tale," were indexed in 1932 by Stith Thompson and published as the Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.
Thompson built upon the research of Antti Aarne (and the tale type index he created) when he compiled, classified, and numbered the traditional motifs of the mostly European folktale types in Aarne's index and then cross referenced those motifs with Aarne's tale types (Dundes). Folklorist Alan Dundes explains that Stith Thompson's "six-volume Motif-Index of Folk-Literature and the Aarne-Thompson tale type index constitute two of the most valuable tools in the professional folklorist's arsenal of aids for analysis".
Below is a sample of the index's headings.
Maps Motif (folkloristics)
Comparing motifs with tale types
In the book The Folktale, folklorist Stith Thompson explains how motifs and tale types are interrelated as he describes the role of one type of character found in many folk narratives, the helper:
- The chain of circumstances by which this helper joins the hero and certain details of his later experience are so uniform and well articulated as to form an easily recognizable motif, or rather cluster of motifs. This fact has caused some confusion to scholars who have not sufficiently distinguished between such a motif and the entire tale of which it forms only an important part. (emphasis added, 1977, 50)
The same is true for any character or other motif. In fact, Thompson also explains that a single motif may be found in numerous folktales "from all parts of the earth" (383).
Thompson's explanations show that the sequential order of motifs is also an important factor for folklorists to consider as they interpret individual motifs found in various folktale types used internationally.
Accessing Thompson's Motif-Index
Many of the source texts in Thompson's Motif-Index are no longer currently in print. Dr. Margaret Read McDonald's Storytellers Sourcebook refers readers to stories in current books that also use motifs of folk literature. For example, Disney's Cinderella contains many of the same traditional motifs that Read MacDonald points out in her preface to The Storyteller's Sourcebook (e.g., Glass slipper, Cruel Stepmother, and Three-fold flight from ball) (x).
Other motif indices
Many folklorists have produced extensive motif and tale-type indices for culture areas not covered by Thompson, or covered only to a limited extent. For surveys, see
- Azzolina, David S. 1987. Tale type- and motif-indexes: An annotated bibliography. New York, London: Garland.
- Uther, Hans-Jörg (1996). "Type- and Motif-Indices 1980-1995: An Inventory". Asian Folklore Studies. 55 (2): 299-317. doi:10.2307/1178824.
The following are some important examples:
- Baughman, Ernest (1966) Type and Motif-Index of the Folktales of England and North America.
- Boberg, Inger M. (1966) Motif-Index of Early Icelandic Literature. Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana 27. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
- Bordman, Gerald (1963) Motif-Index of the English Metrical Romances.
- Bray, Dorothy Ann (1992) A list of motifs in the lives of the early Irish saints. FF Communications 252. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.
- Cross, Tom Peete (1952) Motif-Index of Early Irish Literature. Indiana University Publications, Folklore Series 7. Bloomington: Indiana University.
- El-Shamy, Hasan (1995) Folk Traditions in the Arab World: A Guide to Motif Classification. 2 Vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- El-Shamy, Hasan (2006) Motif Index of The Thousand and One Nights. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Goldberg, Harriet (1998) Motif-index of medieval Spanish folk narratives.
- Goldberg, Harriet (2000) Motif-index of folk narratives in the pan-hispanic romancero.
- Guerreau-Jalabert, Anita (1992) Index des Motifs Narratifs dans les Romans Arthuriens Français en Vers (XIIe-XIIIe Siècles)/Motif-Index of French Arthurian Verse Romances (12th-13th century). Publications Romanes et Françaises 202. Geneva: Droz.
- Haboucha, Reginetta (1992) Types and motifs of the Judeo-Spanish folktales. New York, London: Garland.
- Jason, Heda (2000) Motif, type, and genre: a manual for compilation of indices & a bibliography of indices and indexing.
- Kristi?, Branislav (1984) Indeks motiva narodnih pesama balkanskih Slovena. Ed. I. Nikolié. Belgrad: Minerva.
- Lichtblau, K., S. Obermayer, and C. Tuczay, (1982) Motiv-Index der deutschsprachigen weltlichen Erzählliteratur von den Anfangen bis 1400. Fabula 23: 293-95.
- Marzolph, Ulrich (1983) Motiv-Index der arabischen literarischen Anekdote. Fabula 24: 275-7.
- Neugaard, Edward (1993) Motif-index of medieval Catalan folktales. Binghampton, N.Y: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies.
- Neuland, Lena (1981) Motif-index of Latvian folktales and legends. FF Communications 229. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica.
- Sakao?lu, S. (1980) Anadolu-tiur efsanelerinde tas kesilme motifi ve efsanelerin tip katalogu. Ankara: Ankara Universitesi Basemev.
- Smith, R. E. (1980) Type-index and motif-index of the Roman de Renard. Uppsala: Etnologiska Institutionen.
- Tracy, Ann B. (1981) The gothic novel 1790-1830: Plot summaries and index to motifs. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Wurzbach, Natascha and Simone Salz (1995) Motif index of the Child corpus: The English and Scottish popular ballad. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Special usage
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), folkloristic use of motif is not summed up in the definition for literary criticism ("Motif," def. 3a), but deserves its own separate sense of this definition ("Motif," def. 3b). Similarly, the compound word motif index is used in cultural anthropology to denote "an index of standard motifs, esp. those found in folk tales" (OED, "Motif Index," def. C2).
See also
- Aarne-Thompson Classification System (for tale types)
- Folkloristics
- Morphology
- Stith Thompson
References
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