Outline of anarchism

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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to anarchism:

Anarchism is generally defined as the political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful, or alternatively as opposing authority and hierarchical organization in the conduct of human relations. Proponents of anarchism, known as "anarchists", advocate stateless societies or non-hierarchical voluntary associations.

Video Outline of anarchism

Nature of anarchism

Anarchist terminology

Supports

• Autonomy
• Civil libertarianism
• Cooperation
• Workers' self-management
• Decentrally planned economy or market socialism
• Direct action
• Mutual aid
• Common ownership
• Voluntary association

Rejects

• Authoritarianism
• Capitalism
• Censorship
• Coercion
• Imperialism
• Statism
• Hierarchy
• Paternalism
• Centrally planned economy

Manifestos and expositions

Anarchism is a living project which has continued to evolve as social conditions have changed. The following are examples of anarchist manifestos and essays produced during various time periods, each expressing different interpretations and proposals for anarchist philosophy.

(1840-1914)

• Anarchist Manifesto (1850) by Anselme Bellegarrigue
• State Socialism and Anarchism (1886) by Benjamin Tucker
• The Principles of Anarchism (c. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons
• Anarchy (1891) by Errico Malatesta
• The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891) by Oscar Wilde
• Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman & Johann Most

(1914-1984)

• Anarchism and Our Times (1925) by Nestor Makhno
• Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft) (1926) by Dielo Truda
• What's Anarchism? (1932) by Hippolyte Havel
• The Philosophy of Anarchism (1940) by Herbert Read
• Anatomy of the State (1974) by Murray Rothbard
• Anarchism: Past and Present (1980) by Murray Bookchin

(1985-present)

• Anarchism and Other Impediments to Anarchy (1985) by Bob Black
• Listen, Anarchist! (1987) by Chaz Bufe
• Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm (1994) by Murray Bookchin
• The Anarchist Tension (1996) by Alfredo M. Bonanno
• An Anarchist FAQ (2008)

Maps Outline of anarchism

Anarchist schools of thought

Anarchist schools of thought - Anarchism has many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory rule. Anarchist schools are characterized by "the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary", but may differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism. Regardless, some are viewed as being compatible, and it is not uncommon for individuals to subscribe to more than one.

• Anarchism without adjectives - in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein, "referred to an unhyphenated form of anarchism, that is, a doctrine without any qualifying labels such as communist, collectivist, mutualist, or individualist. For others, ... [it] was simply understood as an attitude that tolerated the coexistence of different anarchist schools."
• Anarchist communism - theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wages and private property (while retaining respect for personal property), and in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy, and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need".
• Anarcho-capitalism - political philosophy which advocates the elimination of the state in favor of individual sovereignty, private property, and open markets. Anarcho-capitalists believe that in the absence of statute (law by decree or legislation), society would improve itself through the discipline of the free market (or what its proponents describe as a "voluntary society"). See anarchism and capitalism.
• Anarcha-feminism - combines anarchism with feminism. It generally views patriarchy as a manifestation of involuntary coercive hierarchy that should be replaced by decentralized free association. Anarcha-feminists believe that the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of class struggle, and the anarchist struggle against the state.
• Anarcho-naturism - union of anarchist and naturist philosophies, that advocates vegetarianism, free love, nudism, hiking and an ecological world view within anarchist groups and outside them. Anarcho-naturism also promotes an ecological worldview, small ecovillages, and most prominently nudism as a way to avoid the artificiality of the industrial mass society of modernity.
• Anarcho-pacifism - tendency within the anarchist movement which rejects the use of violence in the struggle for social change and the abolition of the state.
• Anarcho-primitivism - anarchist critique of the origins and progress of civilization. According to anarcho-primitivism, the shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural subsistence gave rise to social stratification, coercion, alienation, and population growth.
• Anarcho-syndicalism
• Black anarchism
• Buddhist anarchism
• Christian anarchism
• Collectivist anarchism
• Crypto-anarchism
• Green anarchism
• Illegalism
• Individualist anarchism
• Insurrectionary anarchism
• Mutualism
• Philosophical anarchism
• Platformism
• Post-anarchism
• Post-left anarchy
• Queer anarchism

Umbrella terms

The following terms do not refer to specific branches of anarchist thought, but rather are generic labels applied to various branches.

• Individualist anarchism
• Infoanarchism
• Lifestyle anarchism
• Social anarchism

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History of anarchism

History of anarchism - Although social movements and philosophies with anarchic qualities predate anarchism, anarchism as a specific political philosophy began in 1840 with the publication of What Is Property? by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In the following decades it spread from Western Europe to various regions, countries, and continents, impacting local social movements. The success of the 1917 October Revolution in Russia initiated a decline in prominence for anarchism in the mid-20th century, roughly coinciding with the time period referred to by historians as The short twentieth century. Since the late 1980s, anarchism has begun a gradual return to the world stage.

Global events

Historic precedents and background events (pre-1840)

• 1793 - William Godwin publishes Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, implicitly establishing the philosophical foundations of anarchism.
• 1827 - Josiah Warren opens the Cincinnati Time Store, an early experiment in mutualist economics.

Classical development and global expansion (1840 - 1917)

• 1840 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes What Is Property? and becomes history's first self-proclaimed anarchist.
• 1864 - International Workingmen's Association founded. Early seeds of split between anarchists and Marxists begin.
• 1871 - Paris Commune takes place. Early anarchists (mutualists) participate.
• 1872 - IWA meets at the Hague Congress. Anarchists expelled by Marxist branch, beginning the anarchist/Marxist conflict.
• 1878 - Max Hödel fails in assassination attempt against Kaiser Wilhelm I. Ushers in era of propaganda of the deed.
• 1882 - God and the State by Mikhail Bakunin is published.
• 1886 - Haymarket affair takes place. Origin of May Day as a worker's holiday. Inspires a new generation of anarchists.
• 1892 - The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin published. Establishes anarchist communism.
• 1911 - The High Treason Incident leads to the execution of twelve Japanese anarchists; the first major blow against the Japanese anarchist movement.

Post-WWI decline (1918 - c. 1980s)

• 1917 -The Russian Revolution creates first "socialist state." The combination of a Soviet dictatorship in the east, the Red Scare in the west, and the global Cold War, discourage anarchist revolution throughout the following decades.
• 1919-21 - The Free Territory, the first major anarchist revolution, is established in the Ukraine.
• 1919-21 - The Palmer Raids effectively cripple the anarchist movement in the United States.
• 1921 - The Communist Party of China is founded. The anarchist movement in China begins slow decline due to communist repression.
• 1929-31 - The autonomous Shinmin region, the second major anarchist revolution, is established in Manchuria.
• 1936-39 - The Spanish Revolution, the third and last major anarchist revolution, is established in Catalonia and surrounding areas.
• 1959 - The Cuban Revolution establishes a communist dictatorship. The Cuban anarchist movement is immediately repressed.
• 1974 - Dallas Accord, libertarian anarchism is tolerated inside Libertarian Party.

Post-Cold War resurgence (c. 1990s - present)

• 1999 - Anarchists take part in riots which interrupt the WTO conference in Seattle. Is viewed as part of an anarchist resurgence in the United States.

History of anarchism by region

• Anarchism in Africa
• Anarchism in the Americas
  • Anarchism in Brazil
  • Anarchism in Canada
  • Anarchism in Cuba
  • Anarchism in Ecuador
  • Anarchism in Mexico
  • Anarchism in the United States
• Anarchism in Asia
  • Anarchism in China
  • Anarchism in Egypt
  • Anarchism in India
  • Anarchism in Israel
  • Anarchism in Japan
  • Anarchism in Jordan
  • Anarchism in Korea
  • Anarchism in Turkey
  • Anarchism in Vietnam
• Individualist anarchism in Europe
  • Anarchism in Austria
  • Anarchism in France
  • Anarchism in Greece
  • Anarchism in Ireland
  • Anarchism in Italy
  • Anarchism in Poland
  • Anarchism in Russia
  • Anarchism in Spain
    • Anarchist Catalonia
  • Anarchism in Sweden
  • Anarchism in Ukraine
  • Anarchism in the United Kingdom
    • The Free Territory
• Anarchism in Oceania
  • Anarchism in Australia
• more...

Historians

• Paul Avrich
• David Goodway
• Daniel Guerin
• Peter Marshall
• Max Nettlau
• George Woodcock

Historical societies

• Anarchy Archives
• Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme
• Kate Sharpley Library
• Labadie Collection

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General anarchism concepts

Anarchist terminology These are concepts which, although not exclusive to anarchism, are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. As the anarchist milieu is philosophically heterogeneous, there is disagreement over which of these concepts should play a role in anarchism.

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Organizations

Notable organizations

Formal anarchist organizational initiatives date back to the mid-19th century. The oldest surviving anarchist organizations include Freedom Press (est. 1886) of England, the Industrial Workers of the World (est. 1905), Anarchist Black Cross (est. 1906), Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910) and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (est. 1910) of Spain.

• Jura federation (est. 1870)
• Freedom Press (est. 1886)
• Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (est. 1901)
• Industrial Workers of the World (est. 1905) (not formally anarchist, but has a significant anarchist presence)
• Anarchist Black Cross (est. 1906)
• Mexican Liberal Party (est. 1906)
• Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910)
• Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (est. 1910)
• Unione Sindacale Italiana (est. 1912)
• Black Guards (est. 1917)
• International Workers Association (est. 1922)
• Federación Anarquista Ibérica (est. 1927)
• Mexican Anarchist Federation (est. 1945)
• Fédération Anarchiste (est. 1945)
• Federazione Anarchica Italiana (est. 1945)
• Confédération nationale du travail (est. 1946)
• Japanese Anarchist Federation (est. 1946)
• Argentine Libertarian Federation (est. 1955)
• Uruguayan Anarchist Federation (est. 1956)
• International of Anarchist Federations (est. 1968)
• Confederación General del Trabajo (est. 1979)
• Solidarity Federation (est. 1979)
• Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici (est. 1985)
• Alternative libertaire (est. 1991)
• Anarchist Federation (Britain and Ireland) (est. 1986)
• Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (est. 2003)
• more...

Structures

Anarchist organizations come in a variety of forms, largely based upon common anarchist principles of voluntary cooperation, mutual aid, and direct action. They are also largely informed by anarchist social theory and philosophy, tending towards participation and decentralization.

• Affinity group (e.g. Black bloc)
• Adhocracy
• Collective
• Federation
• Participatory organization
• Popular assembly
• Security culture
• Spokescouncil

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Anarchist literature

• List of anarchist books
• List of anarchist periodicals

Notable figures

Influential non-anarchists

• Guy Debord
• Friedrich Engels
• Michel Foucault
• Charles Fourier
• William Godwin
• Daniel de Leon
• Herbert Marcuse
• Sylvain Maréchal
• Karl Marx
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Franz Oppenheimer
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Max Stirner
• Raoul Vaneigem
• Gerrard Winstanley
• Zeno of Citium

Related philosophies

• Communalism and democratic confederalism
• Communization
• Existentialism
• Libertarian Marxism
• Neozapatismo

See also

• Anti-globalization/Globalization
• Anti-fascism
• Anti-war
• Civil rights
• Labour movement
• Tax resistance

Footnotes

Further reading

• Caplan, Bryan (2008). "Anarchism". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 10-13. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. 

External links

• "Anarchism", entry from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, (1910) by Peter Kropotkin.

Source of article : Wikipedia